medieval.org
peregrina.ch
Divox CDX-70603
2008
1. Clara Dei famula [1:37]
Rondellus — alle
2. Gaude celi ierarchia [4:24]
Sequenz, 15. Jh. — alle | sinfonia
3. Clara Dei famula [2:57]
Sequenz, 15. Jh. — KL | EJ
4. Surrexit Christus hodie [2:14]
Benedicamus-Lied, 14. Jh. — alle
5. Alleluia. V. O virgo clarens [1:38]
13. Jh. — alle | Vers: KL
6. Ad veniam perveniam / TAMQUAM [1:13]
Conductus-Mot., 13 Jh. — AB | LD | EJ
7. Alleluia. Vers. Fulgens luce claritatis [3:14]
14. Jh. — alle | Vers: KL
8. Thronus novus [5:48]
Sequenz, 15. Jh. — alle
9. Benedicamus Domino [0:42]
13. Jh. — alle
10. O felix haec novitas [2:43]
Sequenz, 13. Jh. — AB | sinfonia
11. Manere / MANERE [3:07]
Motette, 13. Jh. — LD | EJ
12. Serena viginis / MANERE [3:30]
Conductus-Motette, 13. Jh. — alle
13. Alleluia. Vers. Ave benedicta Maria [3:25]
tropiert, 14. Jh. — alle | Vers: EJ
14. Jube domne benedicere / Una cuntis leticie [4:31]
trop. Lectio, 14. Jh. — AB | EJ | alle
15. Ave Mater gracie [2:15]
Sequenz, 13. Jh. — LD
16. [Stella naufragantium] et via regens devium [2:17]
Benedicamus-Lied, 14. Jh. — AB | EJ
17. Omnia beneficia [1:21]
Conductus, 13. Jh. — alle
18. Benedicamus Domino [1:07]
13. Jh. — alle
19. Surrexit Christus hodie [3:53]
Benedicamus-Lied, 14 Jh. — alle*
ensemble Peregrina
Agnieszka Budzińska-Bennett (AB) — Gesang, Sinfonia · Leitung
Kelly Landerkin (AB) — Gesang · Leitung
Lorenza Donadini (LD) — Gesang
Els Janssens (EJ) — Gesang
*19: mit Eve Kopli & Veronika Holliger Jenšovská, Gesang | voice
Instrumente: Sinfonia — Siegfried Jud, Mels (CH) 1999
Aufnahme | Recording dates: KATHOLISCHE KIRCHE SEEWEN (SO) SWITZERLAND, 16.- 20. APRIL 2007
Tonmeister | Recording Engineer: MAŁGORZATA ALBINSKA, ARTON STUDIO BASEL
Digitaler Schnitt | Digital Editing: MAŁGORZATA ALBINSKA
Cover-Abbildung | Front Cover: KONIGSFELDEN (AG): KLARAFENSTER (um 1340).
(Detail: Klara erhalt die geweihte Palme | Clara receives the holy Palm)
Künstlerfotos | Photo artists: HANS JOERG ZUMSTEG
Program concept and transcriptions: AGNIESZKA BUDZIŃSKA-BENNETT
Executive Producer | Produzent: WOLFRAM M. BURGERT
Associated Producer: DR. ALFRED R. SCHEFENACKER
Das
ensemble Peregrina möchte Herrn Dr. Peter Reidemeister für seine enorme
Hilfe bei der Realisierung dieses Projektes und sein Vertrauen danken.
Ebenso danken wir Herrn Dr. Thomas Drescher (SCB) für Vertrauen und
Goodwill.
Ensemble Peregrina wishes to thank Dr. Peter
Reidemeister for his constant faith in this project and enormous help in
realizing it. We are most grateful to Dr. Thomas Drescher (SCB) for his
trust and goodwill.
Folgenden Institutionen und Personen gilt ausserdem unsere tiefe Dankbarkeit | Our deep gratitude also goes to:
Thyssen Stiftung & Aargauer Kuratorium,
Karin Paulsmeier-Smith, Blażej Matusiak OP, Dr. Hans Joerg Zumsteg,
Lucas Bennett, Philipp Zimmermann, Prof. Dr. Felix Heinzer,
Dr. Eliza Pieciul-Karmińska, Agnieszka Oprządek, Bogna Augustyniak-Bohdanowicz,
Anita Dettwiler.
© & Ⓟ 2008.03 DIVOX AG/SA/Ltd. — CH-4452 ITINGEN (Basel-Land) Switzerland
www.divox.com
MUSIC FROM 13TH AND 14TH CENTURY POLISH CLARISSE CONVENTS
Two
eminent medieval figures loom large in the program “Filia praeclara”:
Saint Clara of Assisi (1194-1253), who together with Saint Francis
founded the Clarisse Order, and Kinga of Hungary (circa 1224-1292,
canonized by Pope John Paul II in 1999). She was the wife of Duke
Boleslaw V (called Pudicus, the Chaste), and under their reign Poland
had a period of cultural prosperity with important cultural centers of
great influence with extremely productive scriptoria. Not only Poland's
oldest polyphonic settings of elements of the Mass, but also a copy of
the Magnus Liber Kinga brought with her to Poland (containing
magnificent polyphonic music of the Notre-Dame school) date back to that
time. To this day, fragments of Kingas copy of the Magnus Liber are extant at the convent of Stary Sącz in southern Poland, whose abbess she had become after her husband's death.
The
music from Polish Clarisse convents, a fascinating and widely
undocumented heritage, is one focal point of this program. The
multilayered spiritual and musical world of Polish Clarisse convents -
like Stary Sącz - is subtly brought to life by ensemble Peregrina; with
musical pieces found only here and thus presumably mainly these convents
own compositions, with elaborate polyphonic settings of fragments of
Kinga's Magnus Liber that have been painstakingly reconstructed
for
this program, and finally with monodic sequences for the patron of the
order, Saint Clara, and other liturgical chants from the Clarisse Order.
Saint
Clara was born in 1194 into a noble family in Assisi. After several
encounters with Francis who awakened her enthusiasm for his ideal of
poverty, she fled her parents' house in 1212. After having stayed in
several convents, she settled near the church of San Damiano, where a
community of pious women soon formed around her, aiming to lead a life
according to Francis' rule, which the latter had probably already in
1212/13 adapted for her in the short written Forma vivendi. In
1215 Clara became abbess of San Damiano, where she lived until her death
- bedridden from 1224/25. In 1215/16 she was granted the Privilegium paupertatis
by Pope Innocent III. In 1253 - Clara was already on her deathbed -
Pope Innocent IV confirmed the actual rule of the order, based upon the Forma vivendi. Clara's canonization procedures began already in the year of her death, leading to her sanctification in 1255.
The
order of Saint Clara spread rapidly; as early as 1219 additional
convents were founded in Italy, their number rising to 24 by 1228. From
the 1230's, many new convents were founded outside of Italy, among
others one in Prague in 1233.
In the anonymous Vita S. Clarae virginis Assisii in Umbria, ascribed by some researchers to the Franciscan monk Thomas of Celano, we read about the birth and naming of Clara:
Praegnans
mulier cum ante crucem in ecclesia Crucifixum attente oraret, ut earn
de partus periculo salubriter expediret, vocem audivit dicentem sibi:
“Ne paveas mulier: quia quoddam lumen salva parturies, quod ipsum mundum
clarius illustrabit.”
When the pregnant woman [=Clara's mother] in
church before the cross implored the crucified Christ to see her through
the perils of giving birth, she heard a voice saying to her: «Do not
fear, woman, since truly, you will safely give birth to a light, and
that light will brightly illuminate the world».
Whether the
naming of Saint Clara really goes back to her parents' reasoning about
the name's meaning or whether, conversely, Clara's name contributed to
the legend, is of marginal significance. In any case, the name offered
many possibilities to poets (in this case probably to poetesses as well)
of the 13th and 14th centuries who particularly loved witty puns and
playing with multiple layers of meaning.
The Latin adjective
CLARUS, CLARA not only means clear, but also shining, illustrious, pure,
or bright for acoustical phenomena, thus a bright sound which is loud
and distinct, or with respect to the mind a clear mind which articulates
something clearly and comprehensibly, or in a metaphorical sense, with
respect to character or social status shining, illustrious, outstanding,
glorious, famous.
From these, a large number of additional words with the same breadth of meaning are deduced, as PRAECLARA (extremely clear, clear through and through etc.), CLARITAS (clearness etc.), CLARESCERE (become clear, become bright, light up etc.) or CLARE, which in Medieval Latin can be both adverb (in a clear manner, etc.)
and genitive of the name Clara, creating additional potential for puns.
This variety of meaning cannot be reproduced by any translation and
must always be borne in mind when reading and listening to the texts.
Where
there is mention of light and brightness, associations with sun, moon
and other celestial bodies are rather obvious. The imagery of celestial
bodies is an often recurring topos in the poetry on Clara, as in the
sequence Gaude celi ierarchia, where it says in the fourth stanza: “Vere
sidus tu praeclarum, quod a sole differt parum” - “You are truly an
exceptionally brightly shining star only slightly inferior to the sun”.
The
sun here means Christ. This proximity of Clara to Jesus is another
characteristic of poetry from around her order. Likewise, it is not by
accident that the phrase “Ne paveas mulier” from the Vita S. Clarae cited above is reminiscent of the “Ne timeas Maria”
in the annunciation scene (Luke 1, 30): In both passages a voice from
the heavens announces the birth of a child that will bring light to the
world.
Apart from the concrete episodes from the legend of Saint
Clara - the wondrous proliferation of oil reminiscent of the legend of
the wise and foolish virgins, the healing of sick people, etc. - it is
the punning with the semantic field CLARA, the imagery of celestial
bodies connected with it and the proximity to Jesus (and at times
identification with Mary) that are the most prominent characteristics of
poetry concerned with Clara. A combination of all these elements can be
found in the already mentioned sequence Gaude celi ierarchia (2). Among the many allusions to Claras life, the “paupertatis titulum” (the privilege of poverty bestowed by Pope Innocent III) and the Imitation of Christ in Mary's footsteps (Mariae vestigium eius sequens filium) particularly stand out in the sequence Clara Dei famula (3). The imagery of celestial bodies is particularly prominent in the sequence Thronus novus
(8), in which the seven heavenly bodies symbolize the virginal virtues
that shine like seven stars on Salomon's throne and are likened to the
seven pillars of wisdom supporting the house of God. Remarkably, there
is mention of seven heavenly bodies in stanza 2, but only six of them
are explicitly named. In connection with the seventh virtue Deus is
mentioned - probably as a substitute for the planet Jupiter.
The
Clarisse Order's repertory includes pieces for other saints as well,
such as John the Evangelist - portrayed as a beautiful young man with
markedly feminine traits - who was revered by female orders in the 14th
century with an ardor sometimes bordering on erotic ecstasy. An example
of this is the motet Manere/MANERE (11), a fragment from Kinga's Magnus liber
completed by Agnieszka Budzińska-Bennett with multiple allusions to a
gradual for John the Evangelist, itself based on a passage from the
Gospel of John. Serena virginum/MANERE (12) is a conductus motet
on the same tenor, but with a Marian text. The technique of adapting to
Mary texts originally written for John is motivated by several factors -
the closeness to Christ, the union under the cross, and not least
John's feminine traits. The sequence O fax haec novitas (10) is
the second part of a lengthy sequence on the Annunciation to Mary, which
itself is modelled on a sequence for John. The allusions to the wise
virgins awaiting the arrival of their bridegroom with full vessels of
oil in the conductus motet Ad veniam perveniam (6), on the tenor TAMQUAM: “As [a bridegroom, the Lord cometh forth out of his chamber]”, are common Clara symbolism.
Besides the two- and three-voice Surrexit Christus hodie (4 and 19) with the Easter scene of the women at the tomb, and the two Benedicamus Domino
(9 and 18), all drawn from Polish Clarisse manuscripts, it is also the
Alleluias with their verses which contribute to a vivid image of the
order's liturgical ceremonies. The first two are explicitly for Clara.
Their verses O virgo clarens (5) and Fulgens luce claritatis
(7), respectively, playfully explore the wide array of meaning within
the semantic field clara, claritas, etc. The third, as is made clear by
the beginning of the verse Ave benedicta Maria (13), is addressed
to the Virgin Mother. The troped additions are distinguished from the
original verse by their regular prosodic structure and rhythmic
declamation.
Among the most remarkable rarities of this program are the three works [Stella naufragantium] et via regens (16), the vocally demanding lecture trope Jube domne benedicere / Una cunctis leticie (14), and Omnia beneficia
(17). The first is a fragmentary Benedicamus Domino trope on Mary Star
of the Sea which has been found only in Stary Sącz and was completed by
Agnieszka Budzńska-Bennett. Its symbolism of shining stars lighting the
way is typical of Clara. The conductus Omnia beneficia has also only been found in Stary Sącz and might well become an unofficial anthem elsewhere, too.
Philipp Zimmermann
Translation: Lucas Bennett
When
in 1992 I went for the first time to Stary Sącz, a small town in the
south of Poland with a glorious past, I could not have guessed what a
great influence this place would have on my future musical and
musicological development. The beautiful Clarisse convent and the
excellent concerts given there made an indelible impression on me. It
was there I first heard the conductus Omnia beneficia, which was
something like the festivals unofficial anthem. The strongest impression
was made on me by the Cologne ensemble Sequentia with the late Barbara
Thornton (voice), Benjamin Bagby (voice and Romanesque harp) and
Elisabeth Gaver (fiddle). It was also thanks to Ben's and Barbara's
year-long support and encouragement that upon completing my
musicological studies at Poznań, I decided to go to Basle to study
medieval performance practice. The program on this CD thus not only aims
to highlight the musical roots and culture of my native country, but it
also completes a circle for me in a personal sense. At the same time it
is meant as homage to these exceptional musicians.
Although I
had for a long time wanted to put together a program with music from
Polish Clarisse convents, I didn't really begin to work on the project
until early 2005. The impulse was given when I was asked to do a program
with medieval music for the 700 year celebration of the St. Klara
Keller in Cologne. This wonderful gothic vault is the only surviving
part of the Clarisse convent in the centre of Cologne which was founded
in the 14th and destroyed in the early 18th century (now privately
owned: Römerturm 3). It quickly became clear to me that music from
within the same order, namely from Stary Sącz and Cracow, would be most
suitable, since the fragments of the Magnus Liber held there, as
well as some extraordinarily interesting unica giving proof of a highly
interesting local production, would allow me to paint a varied and
fascinating picture of Franciscan music culture in southern Poland in
the 13th century. At every turn, I was confronted with intriguing music
which due to their fragmentary transmission or imprecise notation
presented a musicological and paleographical challenge. The search for
music in honor of the order's patron Saint Clara time and again lead me
to parallel sources of Bohemian and southern German provenience at the
libraries of Prague and Karlsruhe. These works - primarily sequences -
are characterized by wonderful texts and add to the image of Franciscan
scriptoria.
Furthermore, one manuscript from the 15th century
from the southern German Clarisse convent St. Georgen near Karlsruhe
(Karlsruhe, Bad. Landesbibliothek, St. Georgen 3) containing sequences
on Saint Clara provided me with precious information on performance
practice in female convents at the time. The rubrics contain the
division of the musical functions in cantrix, duo sorores de primo choro
and chorus. I decided to apply this division to some sequences (Thronus novus) and the two versions of Surrexit Christus hodie
as well. Concerning the two last-mentioned, there is additional
information to be found; a description of performance practice for the
Surrexit in the Liber sacerdotalis, which was published in Venice after the Council of Trent 1.
In it there is a description of the division into soloists for the
verses and choir which enters for the Alleluia. I applied this division
to the two versions of Surrexit Christus hodie from the Cracow source.
On
the program are also monodic and polyphonic Polish works that were
written down in Clarisse convents and are part of their liturgy (e.g. [Stella naufragantium] et via regem), as well as polyphonic compositions from the libraries of these convents (fragments from the Magnus Liber),
the actual performance and possible liturgical use of which, however,
can only be speculated on. Since they have only been fragmentarily
transmitted, they had to be reconstructed on the basis of complete
sources of Notre-Dame polyphony (e.g. Ad veniam / TAMQUAM or Manere / MANERE). The sequences dedicated to the order's patron drawn from Bohemian and German sources are an additional highlight.
The
program presented on this CD addresses the culture and tradition of a
female order and is performed by an ensemble composed exclusively of
women. Nor is it by accident that almost all the pieces tell of female
figures: Saint Clara (Tracks 1-3, 5, 7-8), the Virgin Mother (Tracks 10,
12-16) and the women at the tomb (4 und 19). Also present are the Wise
and the Foolish Virgins (6), while the female traits of John the
Evangelist (Motet Manere / MANERE, Track 11) are emphasized by the Marian contrafactum Serena virginis / MANERE (12).
Agnieszka Budzińska-Bennett
Translation: Lucas Bennett
(1). F. Bąk - Średniowieczne graduały, franciszkańskie, MMA III, PWM 1969, str. 95.